What is a potential divider?

A potential divider, also known as a voltage divider, is a circuit configuration that generates a specific fraction of the input voltage. This is achieved by using two or more resistors in series. The output voltage is taken from the junction between the resistors, and the ratio of the resistors determines the fraction of the total input voltage that appears across the output.

In a simple resistive potential divider made up of two resistors, the output voltage can be calculated using the formula:

[ V_{out} = V_{in} \times \left( \frac{R_2}{R_1 + R_2} \right) ]

where ( V_{in} ) is the input voltage, ( R_1 ) is the resistor connected to the input voltage, and ( R_2 ) is the resistor connected to ground. By adjusting the resistors, you can control the output voltage freely within the limits set by the total input voltage.

This concept is fundamental in electronic circuits, as it allows for scaling voltages down to levels that can be used for varying applications, such as sensor circuits or to provide reference voltages for other components.

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